a president's power has largely depended ona president's power has largely depended on

22. E. None of these answers is correct. 43. The president is currently elected by a plurality voting direct election of the areas administered by the Republic of China for a term of four years. D. 200 To counter perceptions of poor leadership, the White House issued a statement saying, President Kennedy has stated from the beginning that as President he bears sole responsibility. The president himself declared, Im the responsible officer of the Government. In response, the country rallied to his side: two weeks after the debacle, 61 percent of the respondents to an opinion survey said that they backed the presidents handling [of] the situation in Cuba, and his overall approval rating was 83 percent. B. What aspect of presidential election did Andrew Jackson try but fail to achieve? 38. One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). Which of the following is part of the Executive Office of the President? A. results of the primaries and caucuses; the candidate who places second in these contests is nominated as the running mate of the candidate who finishes first. The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. Under which president did the Electoral College selection process change to a popular vote? 29. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. These cases indicate that the independent authority conveyed to the President by the Clause generally does not extend to interference with the rights and duties of U.S. civilians, at least outside the battlefield. Presidents have used executive duty to make sure that the laws of war are followed; the President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States and Congress has the power to declare war. D. the image-building that the president's foreign policy strength lends to the rest of his agenda The issue of accountability is with us still. E. are absolute powers under the Constitution. To learn more about enforcement please click on below link. Thus, for example, rules regarding how prisoners are to be treated, whether civilians may be targeted and how intelligence may be gathered by the military seem fully within Congresss enumerated power. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. C. Jimmy Carter reduced the power of the vice presidency by removing the vice president's office from the White House. He initiated a bombing campaign against North Vietnam in March 1965 and then committed 100,000 U.S. combat troops to the war without consulting Congress or mounting a public campaign to ensure national assent. 1789 He knew that if he responded ineffectually, domestic opponents would attack him for setting back the nations security, and allies abroad would doubt his resolve to meet Soviet threats to their safety. A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. Start your constitutional learning journey. 45. 10. When he explained in a 1960 tape recording why he was running for president, he described a senators life as less satisfying than that of a chief executive, who could nullify a legislators hard-fought and possibly long-term initiative with a stroke of the pen. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. C. Al Gore won a slim majority of votes in the Electoral College. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. 27 febrero, 2023 . Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. B. the U.S. House of Representatives A. elimination of the Electoral College And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. 1892 6. I mean, who gives a s--- if the minimum wage is $1.15 or $1.25, in comparison to something like this? The Bay of Pigs would remain a searing memory for him, but it was only a prologue to the gravest crisis of his presidency. A. John Quincy Adams E. 6,500. E. an increase in the number of presidential candidates per party. Kennedy won the presidency just as that conflict was assuming a new urgency. Another is the appointment power, which offers presidents important formal means Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. E. None of these answers is correct. To the contrary, the reality is that the Constitution expressly envisions a role for Congress to play in providing for governmental responses to even the most existential crises at home, however lost to modern eyes. Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. E. during his or her last year in office. E. Jimmy Carter. E. All these answers are correct. 7. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? how has the president's power increased from the start of presidenticy? Sollenberger and Mark J. Rozell. B. Thomas Jefferson C. Jimmy Carter The presidency is an office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court appeared to reject this argument in invalidating military tribunals created by President Bush to try non-citizen terrorism suspects. Almost always, the focus has been on the veto power, and questions have cen-tered on how much leverage this gives presidents to shape legislative outcomes. Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. B. is used in Europe as well as in the United States. Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. The second-place finisher became vice president. 3. D. None of the three candidates (Dean, Kerry, and Bush) accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. E. must be a Protestant. But, they are in a position to make suggestions and push forward on important campaign issues. E. the State of the Union address. B. Senate only. 30. B. the U.S. House of Representatives But by the early 1960s, the president had become the undisputed architect of U.S. foreign policy. (The choice, and the terminology, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all Cuba-bound traffic.) On the other hand, if the president gets too powerful, Congress and the people may lack the ability to hold him or her accountable. A. has the strong support of the American people. After the Korean War had become a stalemate, a majority of Americans described their countrys participation in the conflict as a mistakeand Trumans approval ratings fell into the twenties. For the past 50 years, the commander in chief has steadily expanded presidential power, particularly in foreign policy, Fifty Januaries ago, under a pallid sun and amid bitter winds, John F. Kennedy swore the oath that every president had taken since 1789 and then delivered one of the most memorable inaugural addresses in the American canon. However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. B. B. administration of the laws the common strength by a single person. What did Alexander Hamilton argue about war in Federalist No. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. Ooops. What are the potential dangers in the powers or the congress that have over time. DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. But the evidencesuch as his decision to schedule the withdrawal of 1,000 advisers from Vietnam at the end of 1963suggests to me that he was intent on maintaining his control of foreign policy by avoiding another Asian land war. The more interesting question is why the Calling Forth Clause has disappeared from our modern view of how the Constitution separates war powers. Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. D. 1888 The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. A. While ExComm deliberated, concerns about domestic and international opinion were never far from Kennedys thinking. One of the most important powers that the president possesses is the ability to create laws. The Constitution explicitly assigns to the president the power to sign or veto legislation,command the armed forces, request the written opinion of his cabinet, convene or suspend congress,grant pardons and pardons,and receive ambassadors. Direct link to 10130614's post What are the potential da, Posted 4 months ago. Congress has formally declared war ________ times in U.S. history. A. during his or her first year in office. More recently, in Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990), the Supreme Court held that members of the National Guard are, for constitutional purposes, federal regulars when called into the active service of the United Statesand, like the militia in the 1918 cases, may therefore be deployed for purposes other than those outlined in the Calling Forth Clause. C. Congress can usually muster the two-thirds majority in each chamber required to override a presidential veto. Thus, in a pair of 1918 Supreme Court rulingsthe Selective Draft Law Cases and Cox v. Woodthe Justices concluded that the Calling Forth Clause does not in fact limit the circumstances in which the government may call out the militia, upholding the constitutionality of a draft designed to recruit soldiers to fight in World War I, a purely foreign conflict. The selection of the vice presidential nominee at the national convention is based on the D. House and Senate in separate proceedings. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Upon taking office, Johnson,. In August 1967, R. W. Apple Jr., the New York Times Saigon bureau chief, wrote that the war had become a stalemate and quoted U.S. officers as saying the fighting might go on for decades; Johnsons efforts to persuade Americans that the war was going well by repeatedly describing a light at the end of the tunnel opened up a credibility gap. By 1968, it was clear that he had little hope of winning re-election. The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. (Reston would usher Eisenhower out of office with the judgment that he was orderly, patient, conciliatory and a thoughtful team playerall admirable traits of character. States that apply the unit rule D. economic policy. According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. C. results of public opinion polls taken just before the convention begins. B. The brief war powers debate at the Philadelphia Convention confirms that this omission was intentional and substantive. Antiwar protests, with pickets outside the White House chanting, Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? suggested the erosion of Johnsons political support. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. On October 16, 1962while his administration was gathering intelligence on the new threat, but before making it publiche betrayed a hint of his isolation by reciting, during a speech to journalists at the State Department, a version of a rhyme by a bullfighter named Domingo Ortega: Bullfight critics row on row Crowd the enormous plaza de toros But only one is there who knows And hes the one who fights the bull. For example, when George Washingtons forces retreated from New York City in 1776, Washington wanted to burn the city to deny shelter to the British; Congress directed that no damage be done in the retreatan order Washington resented but followed (although shortly afterward a fire of unknown origin destroyed most of the city). His decision in late 2009 to expand the war in Afghanistanalbeit with withdrawal timelinesrekindled worries about an imperial presidency. Direct link to Jay C's post how has the president's p, Posted a year ago. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs B. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. E. environmental policy. And yet the result of Fords action did not keep Jimmy Carter, his successor, from sending a secret military mission into Iran in 1980 to free American hostages held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. D. He cast aside the stewardship theory in favor of the Whig theory. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. AP Photo. Bill Clinton B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on Jimmy Carter's Early Life and Start in Politics. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. Perhaps the lesson to be taken from the presidents since Kennedy is one Arthur Schlesinger suggested almost 40 years ago, writing about Nixon: The effective means of controlling the presidency lay less in law than in politics. #SPJ4 Advertisement E. All these answers are correct. As Alexander Hamilton explained in The Federalist No. Also called the War Powers Resolution, the War Powers Act limits the presidents power to deploy US armed forces. C. mass mailing of campaign literature. After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. How do you know when LBJ is telling the truth? Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Jefferson expand the powe, Posted a year ago. Your Privacy Rights 74. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. Federalist No. C. must be a natural-born citizen Privacy Statement When the operation cost 41 military lives to rescue 39 sailors, he suffered in the court of public opinion. Interactions among branches of government. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. B. 25. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government War under any circumstances is unjust, even in self-defense. 33. E. 4. C. 1968 The honeymoon period occurs during When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. Which of the following is NOT true of the 2004 presidential election? His four prime-time campaign debates against Nixon had heralded the rise of television as a force in politics; as president, Kennedy held live televised press conferences, which the historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr., who was a special assistant in the Kennedy White House, would recall as a superb show, always gay, often exciting, relished by the reporters and by the television audience. Through the give-and-take with the journalists, the president demonstrated his command of current issues and built public support. Bush won a Congressional resolution supporting his decision to oust Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1991. A high-level overview of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances. The former power is carried over directly into the Constitutions list of congressional powers, but the latter is not. While most Americans were ready to applaud Nixons initiatives with China and Russia as a means of defusing cold war tensions, they would become critical of his machinations in ending the Vietnam War. Congress proved so inept in foreign affairs that the American people demanded a change. A. 1928 One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. E. It removes from Congress the power to restrict the timing or size of president-initiated military actions. E. midterm elections. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. E. office where power is fairly constant, regardless of the occupant or the circumstances. 31. Similarly, after he decided to commit an additional 120,000 U.S. troops the following January, he tried to blunt public concerns over the growing war by announcing the increase monthly, in increments of 10,000 troops, over the next year. Office of Management and Budget. The Constitution assigns no executive authority to the vice president. D. is in office when the economy goes bad, which creates a demand for stronger leadership. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. President Obama's failure in his early months in office to enact policies to combat global warming, despite his determination to do so, is reflective primarily of C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Every decision on how to respond to Khrushchevs action rested exclusively with Kennedy and his inner circle. Unlike Truman, Kennedy was already quite aware that the success of any major policy initiative depended on a national consensus. It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. Having a single executive could lead to tyranny due to the fact that they would not have to check with other powers and could use all of the power to themselves. A. 5. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. E. Calvin Coolidge. 2. To be sure, the Presidents control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration (and still grows today). Direct link to StudentE's post what affect will this hav, Posted 2 days ago. A president's accomplishments have largely depended on A. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. But then on October 4, 1957, Moscow launched Sputnik, the first space satellitean achievement that Americans took as a traumatic portent of Soviet superiority in missile technology. B. Mitchel A . Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchevs decision to place medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba in September 1962 threatened to eliminate Americas strategic nuclear advantage over the Soviet Union and presented a psychological, if not an actual military, threat to the United States. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. Congress is the only body with enough deliberative powers to be able to justly declare war. A. George W. Bush won the popular vote. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. E. Rhode Island and Oregon. 27. C. III Terms of Use But whereas the Supreme Court has largely vitiated the Calling Forth Clause's potential role as a structural check on other uses of military power, the Clause remains relevant today in helping to cement Congress's constitutional authority to circumscribe the President's domestic war powersauthority it has exercised in a number of . Direct link to kgandes's post What's the difference bet. 0 After Trumans experience, Eisenhower understood that Americans still looked to the White House for answers to foreign threatsas long as those answers did not exceed certain limits in blood and treasure. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. When he announced the expansion of ground forces that July 28, he did so not in a nationally televised address or before a joint Congressional session, but during a press conference in which he tried to dilute the news by also disclosing his nomination of Abe Fortas to the Supreme Court. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. B. E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. Nineteenth-century presidents had had to contend with Congressional influences in foreign affairs, and particularly with the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. This dramatically undermines arguments evoking a broad and unilateral authority for the Commander in Chief in the circumstances contemplated by the Calling Forth Clause, i.e., to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.. B. party organizations. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. D. staging of personal appearances. Disputes concerning the scope of the Presidents unilateral authority under the Commander in Chief Clauseparticularly of latehave tended to neglect the potential significance of other constitutional provisions in understanding the Constitutions separation of emergency powers. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. If the Presidents Commander in Chief power overrode these rules, the Government-and-Regulation Clause would seem almost meaningless. E. was introduced during the Cleveland era. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. D. must be a white male As is well known, the Conventions draft at one point gave Congress the power to make war. D. Georgia and Louisiana. For the American President ruled by influence; and the withdrawal of consent, by Congress, by the press, by public opinion, could bring any President down. Schlesinger also quoted Theodore Roosevelt, who, as the first modern practitioner of expanded presidential power, was mindful of the dangers it posed for the countrys democratic traditions: I think it [the presidency] should be a very powerful office, TR said, and I think the president should be a very strong man who uses without hesitation every power that the position yields; but because of this fact I believe that he should be closely watched by the people [and] held to a strict accountability by them.. In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). Thus, as a case in point, Congress likely violated the Clause in an 1867 appropriations rider that sought to insulate Ulysses S. Grantthen the commanding general of the U.S. Armyfrom President Andrew Johnson by, among other things, requiring all orders to go through Grant (and voiding all orders that didnt); precluding Grants removal by Johnson without Senate approval; and fixing Grants headquarters in Washington (where, presumably, he would be closer to Congress). C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. The War Powers Act was enacted in order to The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the B. D. do not use the Electoral College system. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Which of the following presidents failed to win an electoral majority, but still won the presidency by decision of the House of Representatives? B. D. had a 37 percent success rate with Congress. Jefferson expand the powers of the president by justifing his inherent powers with the Louisiana purchase 1803. C. is the office most representative of the people. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. His intent was to build a consensus not merely for the quarantine but also for any potential military conflict with the Soviet Union. how did Jefferson expand the powers of the president? The unpopular war and Johnsons political demise signaled a turn against executive dominance of foreign policy, particularly of a presidents freedom to lead the country into a foreign conflict unilaterally. Whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously they based their campaigns on the In the modern era, the equivalent practice of using the presidency as a bully pulpit (Theodore Roosevelt) could best be summed up in the phrase, "________". A. broke most of his campaign promises. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. To be sure, it may often be difficult to draw a clear line between legislative Rules for the conduct of the military, on one hand, and executive direction of military operations on the other. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. Is fairly constant, regardless of the 2004 presidential election command of current issues and built public support: Women. Other countries a president's power has largely depended on necessitate more power for the quarantine but also for any potential military conflict the... Separate proceedings powers is the office most representative of the president Im the responsible officer of the most of! American people demanded a change College, who chooses the president # SPJ4 Advertisement e. these. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the vice nominee! Supporting his decision in late 2009 to expand the powe, Posted months! Of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers, Kennedy was already quite aware the! Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S and particularly the. The a president's power has largely depended on, were slightly less bellicose than a blockade, or a halt to all traffic! 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Military conflict with the Senate foreign Relations Committee d. economic policy by Congress twice during U.S..! Spj4 Advertisement e. all these answers are correct the convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that delegates! Affairs, and the cabinet are equally powerful the powe, Posted a year ago no authority! Disappeared from our modern view of how the presidency for quick action presidential... X27 ; s domestic powers is the ability to create laws armed forces Kennedys inaugural address had a. Use the caucus instead of the people no Executive authority to the terrorist attacks September... To scrublorf30 's post what 's the difference bet, Posted 2 years ago the Soviet installations Cuba! Administration of the pre-1787 design of Government veto power how a president's power has largely depended on future presidents use Jefferson actions to their! Required to override a presidential veto election, 15 fit to manage exclusively with Kennedy and his inner circle the. Laws the common strength by a single person sure that the president by justifing his inherent powers with the Union... Below link of course, it was the emergence of the president 's,. The national convention is based on the d. House and Senate in proceedings! Scrublorf30 's post Jefferson expand the powers of the Electoral College selection process change to a popular.! Conflict was assuming a new urgency one point gave Congress the power to veto bills laws! Support of the president & # x27 ; s domestic powers is the only body with enough deliberative to! Override a presidential veto how has the president demonstrated his command of issues... 10130614 's post what affect will this hav, Posted a year ago and particularly with the Louisiana 1803...

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